![]() Around 20 million people, mostly civilians, were killed. During the invasion, China was aided by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Nazi Germany before Germany allied with Japan. Other historians consider the 18 September 1931 Mukden Incident, the pretext that Japan fabricated to justify their subsequent invasion of Manchuria, to be the beginning of the war. The conventional start date is 7 July 1937, with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. When exactly the war began is subject to debate. After the Japanese attacks on Malaya and Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war merged with other conflicts which are generally categorized under the China Burma India Theater of World War II by the Western allies. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century and has been described as "the Asian Holocaust", in reference to the scale of Imperial Japan's war crimes against Chinese civilians. This total war between China and the Empire of Japan is often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia, although some scholars consider the European War and the Pacific War to be entirely separate, albeit concurrent. ![]() The Second Sino-Japanese War, also known as the Second China–Japan War and the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1945, as part of World War II. The combined toll is most likely around 3,500,000: 2.5 million Japanese, per their own records, and 1,000,000 collaborators. ^ Including casualties of Japanese puppet forces.^ Excluding more than 1 million who were disarmed following the surrender of Japan.^ This number does not include Japanese killed by Chinese forces in the Burma campaign and does not include Japanese killed in Manchuria.^ Part of the Allied victory in the Pacific War.^ Minor clashes since September 18, 1931. ![]() ^ The "Reformed Government" established in central China was succeeded by the new Nationalist central government in Nanjing in 1940.^ The "Provisional Government" established in northern China became part of the new Nationalist central government in Nanjing in 1940, but continued to enjoy de facto autonomy within it.^ The East Hebei Autonomous Government, created in 1935, was absorbed by the "Provisional Government" in Northern China in 1938.Mengjiang nominally became an autonomous territory of the Nanjing Nationalist Government from 1940 onward, but was de facto independent from it. ^ The Mongol United Autonomous Government, established in 1937, merged with the Autonomous Governments in South Chahar and North Shanxi, both formed in the early stages of the war, to create the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government in 1939.
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